Comprehensive review about automatic classification of medicinal plants

The word Taxonomy is the way of Classification. It is the science of naming and classifying all the living organisms as well as extinct organisms of the world. Swedish Botanist Carlous Linnaeus was the father of taxonomy;Out of 17000 plant species present in India, more than 7600 plants are medicinal plants. Indigenous Indian medicines are formulations of traditional knowledge and medicinal plant extracts. The traditional knowledge is transferred from one generation to other generations which is used as drug for various diseases, instead of relying on what is the ingredients and proportions these drugs are based on traditional knowledge. These drugs involve the use of plant extract. The World Health Organization (WHO), leading agency in health care found that 80 % population in low economic output countries depend on traditional medicine for their essential health care[1]. In the current era of pandemic medicinal plant species like citrus spp, allium sativum, allium cepa found effective in management of COVID 19. As per WHO guidelines, In the field of medicinal research where clinical trials are used for new drug discovery, there is need of continuous supply of authenticated products which are correctly identified, classified, and verified [1]. Traditional identification and classification methods are not quick, efficient and reliable. Automated Classification of medicinal Plants help to conserve knowledge of medicinal plant species, share it from one generation to next generation and help the whole society to improve the knowledge about medicinal plants. The paper presents traditional and recent trends using Computer vision and machine learning for classifying medicinal plant species. The main focus is on Leaf image as input. It presents the challenges as well as opportunities in identifying and classifying medicinal plant species by performing comprehensive review of traditional methodologies. © 2023 Author(s).

Tulsi Leaf Disease Detection using CNN

Since the start of the covid 19 pandemic, a wide range of medications have been produced and are currently being utilized to treat the disease. Tulsi, in addition to all of the chemical-based medications, is an herbal therapy that is particularly effective in the treatment of this ailment. Tulsi has been used to heal ailments and infections for millennia, particularly in India. Because we use tulsi for medicinal purposes, it's vital to monitor its health in order to reap the full benefits of its herbal properties. Plant diseases harm the health and growth of the plant. Disease detection in plants is crucial so that it can be treated before it spreads throughout the plant. To detect illnesses in tulsi leaves, we propose employing a model based on convolution neural networks. Image processing and CNN are widely employed. The prepared model extracts the image's key features and categorizes it into different disorders. The model has a 75 percent accuracy rate. © 2022 IEEE.

Innovative Ingredients Fortified Nutrients Enriched Biscuits and Cookies: Quality and Sensory Analyses

Global suffering from COVID-19 has necessitated augmenting the immunity systems of humans through consumption of macro-micro-nutrients and antioxidant-enriched fortified foods. In this article, fortifications of popular bakery products, viz. biscuits, cookies, have been reviewed, encompassing the novel fortifying ingredients and innovative methods employed with an emphasis on the overall enrichment in the final product quality. A few notable features concerning novel fortified biscuit and fortified cookie have been decisively summarized. Wheat flour blended with 40% sesame-cake flour resulted in a fortified biscuit possessing higher protein (16.6%), crude fat (16.95%), and dietary fiber (8.2%) with acceptable sensory characteristics. About 9% toting up of chicken-eggshell dried-powder could result in high Ca content in biscuits with customary changes in texture and sensory properties. A remarkable 5% addition of bee pollen to wheat flour appreciably improved the nutrient compositions (carbohydrate 65.18%, protein 7.32%, and total dietary-fiber 1.47%) along with high polyphenol and antioxidant potentials. Notably, mixing fish fillet protein concentrate with wheat flour could yield enhanced nutritional content (protein 14.63-19.52%, fat 16.2-16.5%), as well as augmented amino acids. Remarkably, wheat flour fortified with fermented jack bean flour resulted in an overall fortified biscuit with substantial carbohydrate, crude protein, fat, fiber, ash, and appreciable macro-micro mineral contents and sensory characteristics. Innovative fortified cookies were made by blending wheat flour or Brewer's spent grain flour with one or more ingredients, e.g. full fat soya, mushroom, cardamom powder, moringa leaves, coconut, sweet potato flour rendering amplified values of nutrients, superior physical properties, increased mineral and flavonoid contents and organoleptic qualities.Copyright © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.

Sars-Cov-2 Vaccine from Infected Plant Attenuated Virus Using Acer Cincinatum (Vine Maple)

Purpose of study Proposal for an oral (or if required, parenteral) COVID-19 vaccination based upon this described technology. Investigational theory under study for the past 9 months of COVID-19 growing season. Coronavirus can attack and infect plant species. It was found that SARS-CoV-2 can infect various plant species. Others have found plants, for example tobacco as a good growth medium for Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2. This current study has found various plants species infected with SARS-CoV-2 by rPCR. As the plants were located beside a well used hiking trail for humans, and were infected along the trail including various species with SARS-CoV-2, hypothesized that human airborne contact had caused infection in the bordering plants. Humans were observed to be coughing while walking on the trail, and were not wearing masks. The plant leaves developed small circular colonies of the virus, which became self-limited at several millimeters in diameter. All of the plants were clear of these lesions before the COVID-19 Pandemic. The plants 'immune' system produced antiviral agents, including lectins which limited the growth of the colonies and prevent death of the leaf and whole plant. The fungal cultures of the 'spots' were negative. The rPCR of all spots tested in the present series was positive for SARS-CoV-2. Hypothesis, that self-augmentation of the virus occurred by the natural culturing in plant leaves that produce antiviral agents as part of their 'immune system.' Hypothesis, a symbiotic type relationship developed between the plant using its chemical immune system, and the virus allowed to replicate in an augmented fashion to allow both the virus and the host to survive and grow. As the top candidates for the oral vaccine are nontoxic, hypothesis involves the maceration of the infected leaves, mixing with a nontoxic adjuvant and flavoring to promote assimilation and palatability, with the proposed route of entry being mastication, thus exposing the oral-nasal mucosa to the vaccine, with the probable best of immunity to usual exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, that is the oral-nasal mucosal and upper airway route. As many types of animals are now infected with SARS-CoV-2, it is further hypothesized that this oral vaccine could also be mass produced to add to various animals by feedstock and oral route. Methods used Hypotheses formed through observations. Testing of observations by pPCR, viral cell culture, fungal culture, light and electron microscopy. Summary of results pPCR SARS-CoV-2 positive, cell culture 'lysis experiment' positive, EM and light microscopy positive, fungal culture negative. Conclusions TABLE OF HYPOTHESES AND STUDY RESULTS (HYPOTHETICAL, OBSERVED, PROVEN) 1. The first hypothesis that the virus is attenuated by the plant, using its innate chemical immune system. Similarly, Pasteur used chemical such as phenol to attenuate viruses for wome of the first successful vaccines. Observed. 2. Hypothesis, the plants 'immune' system produced antiviral agents, including lectins, flavonoids, and others, which limited the growth of the colonies and prevent death of the leaf and whole plant. Proven. 3. Hypothesis is that the nontoxic plants, such as Vine Maple sp.(Acer cincinatum), could be used to produce and oral plant attenuated vaccine. Hypothesis. 4. Hypothesis involves the maceration of the infected leaves, mixing with a nontoxic adjuvant and flavoring to promote assimilation and palatability, with the proposed route of entry being mastication, thus exposing the oral-nasal mucosa to the vaccine, with the probable best of immunity to usual exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, that is the oral-nasal mucosa, upper airway. (Figure Presented).

Scenic Beauty Evaluation of Forests with Autumn-Colored Leaves from Aerial and Ground Perspectives: A Case Study in Qixia Mountain in Nanjing, China

In recent years, on-site visitation has been strictly restricted in many scenic areas due to the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. "Cloud tourism”, also called online travel, uses high-resolution photographs taken by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as the dominant data source and has attracted much attention. Due to the differences between ground and aerial observation perspectives, the landscape elements that affect the beauty of colored-leaved forests are quite different. In this paper, Qixia National Forest Park in Nanjing, China, was chosen as the case study area, and the best viewpoints were selected by combining tourists' preferred viewing routes with a field survey, followed by a scenic beauty evaluation (SBE) of the forests with autumn-colored leaves in 2021 from the aerial and ground perspectives. The results show that (1) the best viewpoints can be obtained through the spatial overlay of five landscape factors: elevation, surface runoff, slope, aspect, and distance from the road;(2) the dominant factors influencing the beauty of colored-leaved forests from the aerial perspective are terrain changes, forest coverage, landscape composition, landscape contrast, the condition of the human landscape, and recreation frequency;and (3) the beauty of the ground perspective of the colored-leaved forests is strongly influenced by the average diameter at breast height (DBH), the dominant color of the leaves, the ratio of the colored-leaved tree species, the canopy width, and the fallen leaf coverage. The research results can provide scientific reference for the creation of management measures for forests with autumn-colored leaves. © 2023 by the authors.

Discovery and Genome Characterization of a Closterovirus from Wheat Plants with Yellowing Leaf Symptoms in Japan.

Many aphid-borne viruses are important pathogens that affect wheat crops worldwide. An aphid-transmitted closterovirus named wheat yellow leaf virus (WYLV) was found to have infected wheat plants in Japan in the 1970s; however, since then, its viral genome sequence and occurrence in the field have not been investigated. We observed yellowing leaves in the 2018/2019 winter wheat-growing season in an experimental field in Japan where WYLV was detected five decades ago. A virome analysis of those yellow leaf samples lead to the discovery of a closterovirus together with a luteovirus (barley yellow dwarf virus PAV variant IIIa). The complete genomic sequence of this closterovirus, named wheat closterovirus 1 isolate WL19a (WhCV1-WL19a), consisted of 15,452 nucleotides harboring nine open reading frames. Additionally, we identified another WhCV1 isolate, WL20, in a wheat sample from the winter wheat-growing season of 2019/2020. A transmission test indicated that WhCV1-WL20 was able to form typical filamentous particles and transmissible by oat bird-cherry aphid (Rhopalosiphum pad). Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that WhCV1 was distantly related to members of the genus Closterovirus (family Closteroviridae), suggesting that the virus represents a novel species in the genus. Furthermore, the characterization of WhCV1-WL19a-derived small RNAs using high-throughput sequencing revealed highly abundant 22-nt-class small RNAs potentially derived from the 3'-terminal end of the WhCV1 negative-strand genomic RNA, indicating that this terminal end of the WhCV1 genome is likely particularly targeted for the synthesis of viral small RNAs in wheat plants. Our results provide further knowledge on closterovirus diversity and pathogenicity and suggest that the impact of WhCV1 on wheat production warrants further investigations.

Learning in the Digital Age: Power of Shared Learning Logs to Support Sustainable Educational Practices

During the COVID-19 pandemic there was a rapid shift to emergency remote teaching practices and online tools for education have already gained further attention. While eLearning initiatives are developed and its implementation at scale are widely discussed, this research focuses on the utilization of data which can be logged in such eLearning systems. We demonstrate the need and potential of utilizing learning logs to create services supporting sustainable quality improvement of education. Learning and Evidence Analytics Framework (LEAF), is the overarching technology framework with affordances to adopt evidence-based practices for education. It aims to promote learning for all by introducing data-driven services for personalized approaches. © 2023 The Institute of Electronics.

Unilateral multiple facial angiofibromas as a solitary manifestation of tuberous sclerosis

We describe the case of a 12-year-old boy who presented via teledermatology with a 5-6-year history of multiple lesions on the right side of his face. They were unchanged since their initial appearance at 6 years of age but were slowly increasing in number across his right cheek and extending onto the chin. Although the lesions were asymptomatic, growing older had made him feel increasingly self-conscious. He was otherwise fit and well, and attended mainstream school, with no past medical history or family history of note. Perinatal and birth history were also uneventful. On examination, he had multiple, 1-2-mm, erythematous papules confined to the right cheek and right chin. Dermoscopy showed an unusual pattern of vessels with nonspecific globules in between. The rest of the skin, hair and nails were entirely normal in appearance. There were no systemic symptoms and a detailed general and systemic examination, as well as radiological imaging, did not reveal any abnormality. An excisional biopsy was taken of one of the lesions, with histological examination demonstrating focal superficial telangiectasia with associated bland round-tospindle cell proliferation, appearances most in keeping with an angiofibroma. This correlated well clinically, apart from unilateral facial angiofibromas being the solitary finding in our patient. Facial angiofibromas - also called adenoma sebaceum - are well described as part of the cutaneous manifestations of tuberous sclerosis (TSC). Classically, these appear as a facial rash in the form of small pink or red spots across the cheeks and nose in a butterfly distribution, at between 3 and 10 years of age, increasing in size and number until adolescence. TSC is an autosomal dominant disorder with defective mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling, characterized by hamartomas in many organs, particularly the skin, central nervous system, renal and cardiovascular systems. The clinical presentation is variable, with other well known and frequently reported cutaneous findings such as shagreen patches, ash-leaf macules and periungual fibromas. Unilateral multiple facial angiofibromas in the absence of other cutaneous or systemic manifestations of TSC - as in our patient - are rare, with only 13 reported cases. These may form part of the clinical spectrum of TSC as a probable consequence of cutaneous mosaicism in which a postzygotic genetic mutation has occurred. Our patient was referred for genetic testing, but this has been delayed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Topical sirolimus 1% - an mTOR inhibitor - has been used with good effect for facial angiofibromas, and our patient also responded well to this.

Short term impact of COVID19 pneumonia on cardiovascular profile

Introduction: COVID19 pneumonias have significantly contributed to short and long-term patient morbidity. Their impact on patients' cardiovascular profile following hospital discharge remains unclear. Aim(s): To investigate the short-term impact of COVID19 pneumonias on patients' atheromatic index (AI), Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP) and lipid profile at 4 weeks following hospital discharge. Material(s) and Method(s): We prospectively reviewed patients in our postCOVID19 outpatient clinic at 4 weeks following hospital discharge. All patients were previously admitted due to COVID19 pneumonia. Thoroughly review of all medical records and the local registry followed. Result(s): 237 patients attended their first outpatient appointment at 4 weeks post discharge (11.2020-12.2021) (103 males, 134 females, mean age 54 years). We reviewed 3 cardiovascular parameters: AI (chol/HDL), PASP and lipid profile. Increased PASP (30> mmHg) was reported in 7.17% (17/237) who were previously PASP naive and increased AI (>3.5) was reported in 37.7% (61/237 patients) who were also previously AI naive. Only 62% patients were compliant in undergoing a lipid profile investigation and 64% of them presented with increased levels of cholesterol (>200mg/dl), triglycerides (>150mg/dl), LDL (>150mg/dl). Conclusion(s): COVID19 pneumonia leaves a cardiovascular footprint at 4 weeks post hospital discharge in cardiovascular naive patients. Overall, these patients seem to be at an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases that increases with age. Our study is prospectively continued to investigate the impact at 3 and 6 months post hospital discharge.

Low‐Altitude UAV Imaging Accurately Quantifies Eelgrass Wasting Disease From Alaska to California

Declines in eelgrass, an important and widespread coastal habitat, are associated with wasting disease in recent outbreaks on the Pacific coast of North America. This study presents a novel method for mapping and predicting wasting disease using Unoccupied Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with low‐altitude autonomous imaging of visible bands. We conducted UAV mapping and sampling in intertidal eelgrass beds across multiple sites in Alaska, British Columbia, and California. We designed and implemented a UAV low‐altitude mapping protocol to detect disease prevalence and validated against in situ results. Our analysis revealed that green leaf area index derived from UAV imagery was a strong and significant (inverse) predictor of spatial distribution and severity of wasting disease measured on the ground, especially for regions with extensive disease infection. This study highlights a novel, efficient, and portable method to investigate seagrass disease at landscape scales across geographic regions and conditions.Alternate abstract:Plain Language SummaryDiseases of marine organisms are increasing in many regions worldwide, therefore, efficient time‐series monitoring is critical for understanding the dynamics of disease and examining its progression in time to implement management interventions. In the first study of its kind, we use high‐resolution Unoccupied Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery collected to detect disease at 12 sites across the North‐East Pacific coast of North America spanning 18 degrees of latitude. The low altitude UAV visible‐bands imagery achieved 1.5 cm spatial resolution, and analysis was performed at the seagrass leaf scale based on object‐oriented image analysis. Our findings suggest that drone mapping of coastal plants may substantially increase the scale of disease risk assessments in nearshore habitats and further our understanding of seagrass meadow spatial‐temporal dynamics. These can be scaled up by searching for environmental signals of the pathogen, for example, with surveillance of wastewater for signs of Covid in human populations. This application could easily apply to other areas to construct a high‐resolution monitoring network for seagrass conservation.

A literature review of palm leaf manuscript conservation—Part 2: historic and current conservation treatments, boxing and storage, religious and ethical issues, recommendations for best practice

The closure of the British Library during the 2020–2021 COVID-19 pandemic allowed the conservation department to undertake a treatment review of the conservation of palm leaf manuscripts in order to make better-informed decisions about the treatment of these complex objects. As part of the review a questionnaire was posted in 2020 to the Global Conservation Forum asking about the treatment of palm leaf manuscripts by others in the field. This two-part Literature Review uses the available literature and the survey results to address the wide range of issues inherent in the practical conservation of palm leaf materials. Part 1 began with an historic overview of palm leaf manuscripts and their production, leaf preparation methods, manuscript materials and media, palm leaf manuscripts at the British Library and the common types of damage found in such manuscripts. Part 2 details historic treatments and current conservation techniques as informed by our review and survey, as well as storage, religious and ethical issues. It concludes with two decision-making flowcharts, and our practical recommendations for conservators. The authors wish to share the collated information as widely as possible and help create greater continuity and consistency in palm leaf manuscript conservation by presenting recommendations for best practice for conservators who treat these amazing objects.Alternate abstract:Résumé« Une revue littéraire de la restauration des manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier—Partie 2: traitements de conservation historiques et actuels, conditionnement et stockage, questions religieuses et éthiques, recommandations pour les meilleures pratiques »La fermeture de la British Library lors de la pandémie de Covid-19 2020–2021 a permis au département de la restauration d'entreprendre un recensement des traitements de conservation des manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier afin de prendre des décisions plus éclairées sur le traitement de ces objets complexes. Dans le cadre du recensement, un questionnaire fut posté en 2020 sur le Forum international de la conservation comprenant des questions sur le traitement des manuscritssur feuilles de palmier réalisé par d'autres personnes dans ce domaine. Cette revue de la littérature en deux parties exploite la littérature disponible et les résultats de l'enquête pour aborder le large éventail de problèmes inhérents à la conservation matérielle des matériaux en feuilles de palmier. La partie 1 a commencé par un aperçu historique des manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier et de leur production, des méthodes de préparation des feuilles, des matériaux et supports manuscrits, des manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier à la British Library et des altérations courantes rencontrées dans ces manuscrits. La partie 2 détaille les anciens traitements et les techniques de conservation actuelles que nous avons observées et qui ont été exprimées dans notre enquête, ainsi que les problèmes de stockage, les questions religieuses et éthiques. Il se termine par deux organigrammes de prise de décision et nos recommandations pratiques pour les restaurateurs. Les auteurs souhaitent partager les informations rassemblées aussi largement que possible et aider à créer une plus grande continuité et cohérence dans la conservation des manuscrits sur feuilles de palmier en présentant des recommandations de bonnes pratiques pour les restaurateurs qui traitent ces objets étonnants.

Preparation and FTIR-ATR combined with chemometrics analysis of self-emulsifying loaded sungkai extract from Peronema canecens

The use of immunomodulators is one strategy in maintaining the immune system during the Covid-19 pandemic. Sungkai leaf extract from Peronema canecens keeps the immune system in good shape. Therefore, in this study, we formulated a self-emulsifying loaded sungkai leaves extract (SE-SLE) with oleic acid and virgin coconut oil (VCO) oil phases, span 80 and tween 80 as surfactants and co-surfactants in the form of PEG-400 and PG. Chemometric analysis was conducted by observing the typical pattern in each FTIR-ATR spectra. The pattern is divided into several groups based on the wavenumber and analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the compounds contained therein. Grouping based on chemical properties via IR spectra on SE-SLE resulted in two large groups. The results obtained are beneficial as initial information in developing and optimizing the self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system formula.Copyright © RJPT All right reserved.

Metabolic Profiling of Mimusops elengi Linn. Leaves extract and in silico anti-inflammatory assessment targeting NLRP3 inflammasome

Mimusops elengi Linn. Secondary metabolites of flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarin classes and stilbene were identified by UPLC/ESI-QTOF-HRMS/MS technique with negative ion detection. Major Mimusops elengi flavonoids included Myricitrin, Myricetin, and Kaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside. The most abundant Coumarin and phenolic acids detected in the chromatogram included aesculin and quinic acid respectively. Down regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation inhibits the severe inflammatory responses caused by virus infection. Studying in silicobinding affinity of flavonoids, coumarins and phenolic acid in M. elengi leaves extract against the ADP binding site of NLRP3 protein (PDB code: 6NPY) demonstrated that investigated compounds have docking scores ranged from −6.20 to −12.30 kcal/mol. The best score was achieved by kaempferol-3-O-(6-p-coumaroyl) -glucoside(Compound 9) followed by aesculin (Compound 25) while Quinic acid (Compound 20) showed the lowest affinity toward ADP-binding site of NLRP3. © 2023 The Authors

An inaugural survey of cereal, oilseed and vegetable crop diseases in the Yukon Territory in 2020

Various kinds of field crops growing on two commercial farms in the Whitehorse area of the southern Yukon Territory were surveyed for diseases in summer 2020 by staff of the Agriculture Branch of the Government of Yukon. They included barley, wheat, canola, beets, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, potatoes and turnips. Fields were visited one or more times during July and August. The incidence and severity of diseases were visually assessed on a crop-by-crop basis and samples were collected for laboratory analysis of the pathogens present, if any. Both infectious and non-infectious diseases were present on most crops. The infectious diseases were caused by various species of plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi that were common on these crops growing in other areas of Canada. INTRODUCTION AND METHODS: The 2020 field crop disease survey is believed to be the first organized study of its kind on agricultural crops in the Territory. In his book, "An Annotated Index of Plant Diseases in Canada . . . ", I.L. Conners lists over 300 records of plant diseases on trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses in the Yukon that were published by individuals who were surveying forests and native vegetation mainly for federal government departments, universities and other agencies (Conners 1967). The objectives of the 2020 survey were: (1) to determine the kinds and levels of diseases on selected Yukon crops, (2) to identify the major pathogen species attacking Yukon crops, and (3) to use the results to plan future surveillance activities aimed at helping producers to improve their current disease management programs. All of the fields included in the 2020 survey were situated on two commercial farms, which were designated as Farm #1 and #2, in the Whitehorse area in the southern Yukon (Fig. 1). The crops surveyed included cereals (barley and wheat), oilseeds (canola) and vegetables (beets, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, potatoes and turnips). Fields were visited one or more times in the mid- to late growing season (July/August) at a time when damage from diseases was most noticeable. Symptoms were visually assessed on a crop-by-crop basis by determining their incidence and severity. Incidence was represented by the percentage of plants, leaves, heads, kernels, etc., damaged in the target crop, while severity was estimated to be the proportion of the leaf, fruit, head, root/canopy area, etc., affected by a specific disease as follows: Proportion of the canopy affected based on a 0-4 rating scale, where: 0 = no disease symptoms, 1 = 1-10% of the crop canopy showing symptoms;2 = 11-25% showing symptoms, 3 = 26- 50% showing symptoms, and 4 = > 50% showing symptoms. Photographs of affected plants were taken and sent to plant pathologists across Western Canada for their opinions on causation. Where possible, representative samples of plants with disease symptoms were packaged and sent to the Alberta Plant Health Lab (APHL) in Edmonton, AB for diagnostic analyses. Background information, such as the general cultural practices and cropping history, was obtained from the producers wherever possible. GPS coordinates were obtained for each field to enable future mapping Cereals: Individual fields of barley (11 ha) and wheat (30 ha) located at Farm #1 were surveyed. The barley was a two-row forage cultivar 'CDC Maverick', while the wheat was an unspecified cultivar of Canada Prairie Spring (CPS) Wheat. Plant samples were taken along a W-shaped transect for a total of five sampling points for the barley field (< 20 ha) and ten sampling points for the wheat field (> 20 ha). The first visit, which occurred on July 30, involved visual inspection and destructive sampling wherein plants were collected and removed from the field for a detailed disease assessment at a lab space in Whitehorse. There, the roots were rinsed off and the plants were examined for disease symptoms. The second visit to these fields, which occurred on August 27, only involved visual examination of the standing crop. Oilseeds: A single 40 ha field of Polish canola (cv. 'Synergy') was examined o

Antiviral Potential of the Genus Panax: An updated review on their effects and underlying mechanism of action.

Viral infections are known as one of the major factors causing death. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that demonstrated a wide range of antiviral potential, and saponins are the major bioactive ingredients in the genus Panax with vast therapeutic potential. Studies focusing on the antiviral activity of the genus Panax plant-derived agents (extracts and saponins) and their mechanisms were identified and summarized, including contributions mainly from January 2016 until January 2022. P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolius were included in the review as valuable medicinal herbs against infections with 14 types of viruses. Reports from 9 extracts and 12 bioactive saponins were included, with 6 types of protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides and 6 types of protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides. The mechanisms mainly involved the inhibition of viral attachment and replication, the modulation of immune response by regulating signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1)/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. This review includes detailed information about the mentioned antiviral effects of the genus Panax extracts and saponins in vitro and in vivo, and in human clinical trials, which provides a scientific basis for ginseng as an adjunctive therapeutic drug or nutraceutical.

T-Toxin Virulence Genes: Unconnected Dots in a Sea of Repeats.

In 1970, the Southern Corn Leaf Blight epidemic ravaged U.S. fields to great economic loss. The outbreak was caused by never-before-seen, supervirulent, Race T of the fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus. The functional difference between Race T and O, the previously known, far less aggressive strain, is production of T-toxin, a host-selective polyketide. Supervirulence is associated with ~1 Mb of Race T-specific DNA; only a fraction encodes T-toxin biosynthetic genes (Tox1). Tox1 is genetically and physically complex, with unlinked loci (Tox1A, Tox1B) genetically inseparable from breakpoints of a Race O reciprocal translocation that generated hybrid Race T chromosomes. Previously, we identified 10 genes for T-toxin biosynthesis. Unfortunately, high-depth, short-read sequencing placed these genes on four small, unconnected scaffolds surrounded by repeated A+T rich sequence, concealing context. To sort out Tox1 topology and pinpoint the hypothetical Race O translocation breakpoints corresponding to Race T-specific insertions, we undertook PacBio long-read sequencing which revealed Tox1 gene arrangement and the breakpoints. Six Tox1A genes are arranged as three small islands in a Race T-specific sea (~634 kb) of repeats. Four Tox1B genes are linked, on a large loop of Race T-specific DNA (~210 kb). The race O breakpoints are short sequences of race O-specific DNA; corresponding positions in race T are large insertions of race T-specific, A+T rich DNA, often with similarity to transposable (predominantly Gypsy) elements. Nearby, are 'Voyager Starship' elements and DUF proteins. These elements may have facilitated Tox1 integration into progenitor Race O and promoted large scale recombination resulting in race T. IMPORTANCE In 1970 a corn disease epidemic ravaged fields in the United States to great economic loss. The outbreak was caused by a never-before seen, supervirulent strain of the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus. This was a plant disease epidemic, however, the current COVID-19 pandemic of humans is a stark reminder that novel, highly virulent, pathogens evolve with devastating consequences, no matter what the host-animal, plant, or other organism. Long read DNA sequencing technology allowed in depth structural comparisons between the sole, previously known, much less aggressive, version of the pathogen and the supervirulent version and revealed, in meticulous detail, the structure of the unique virulence-causing DNA. These data are foundational for future analysis of mechanisms of DNA acquisition from a foreign source.

A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology on Moringa Oleifera

Natural extracts have been of very interest since ancient times due to their enormous medicinal use and research attention. Moringa oleifera is well known as miracle tree as it consists of high nutritive values. Originally from India is widely distributed in many tropical regions, in the pacific region, west Africa as well as central America. India is the major supplier of Moringa worldwide, accounting for around 80% of global demand. It is a multipurpose plant cultivated for medicinal applications. It contains rich sources of Vit- A, B1, B2, B3 and C, It also has calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium, zinc and phospherus. Moringa species contain various phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, saponins,tannins, steroids.phenolic acids( gallic, vanillic and p-coumaric acids) and flavanoids(catechin), tocopherol ,glucosinolates and terpenes. Investigations of ethanol extract of the leaves gives lutein, B-carotene,phytyl fatty acids, esters, poly phenols, B- sitosterols,triglycerols,fatty acids and saturated hydrocarbons. Leaves were obtained by super critical extraction with CO2 using ethanol as a cosolvent, temperature 35-80 0C.The phenolic acids( gallic, vanillic and p- coumaric acids) and flavanoids(catechin) were identified in all extracts. Extracts obtained at 35 degrees shows the highest values of total phenolic compounds. The activities of plant include Anti-oxidants, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-viral,anti- hyperglycemic,anti-hyperlipidemic,anti-inflammatory,anti-hypertension, anti-spasmodic and others. Due to covid-19 pandemic, the global Moringa products market size is estimated to be worth USD 5167.2 million in 2022. Leaf powder is expected to exceed USD 6 billion by 2025 on account of increasing demand in the dietary supplement and food applications.

A Brief Review on Guduchi (Tinospora Cordifolia)

Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is an essential drug of the Ayurvedic medicine system used in different Ayurvedic formulations to treat a variety of ailments. Guduchi is a member of the Menispermaceae family and is widely produced in tropical and sub-tropical countries such as India, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Bangladesh, and several south-east Asian continents such as Indonesia, Malaysia. All parts of Guduchi have nutritional value and medicinal importance, including the roots, stem, bark, and leaves. A different class of phytochemicals like alkaloids, glycosides, aliphatic compounds, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, phenolic compounds, steroid and polysaccharides, etc., are found in Guduchi. Tinosporaside, tinosporine, magnosporine, berberine, choline, Jatrorrhizine, palmatine, beberine, giloin, giloinsterol, and other beneficial biomarkers are present in this herb. Guduchi is used to treat cold, fever, headache, jaundice, digestive disorder, among other things, and it shows several proven pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory activity, anti-toxic, hepatoprotective, anticancer, cardioprotective activity, radioprotective, antimicrobial, anti-stress, anti-HIV and many more. This review article majorly highlights the phytochemical present in Guduchi, analytical works and pharmacological activities of Guduchi. Copyright © 2022 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.

The Potential of Red Betel Leaf Essential Oil (Piper Crocatum Ruiz & Pav) as an Anti-Bleeding in the Management of Corona Virus Infection

Coronavirus can also harm the vascular system and cause bleeding;this damage to the vascular system might be followed by dysfunctions in other body systems, therefore not a few COVID-19 survivors have experienced a stroke as a complication of COVID-19. Bleeding that occurs in the nose is a common condition that occurs as a result of a person's injury, allergies, or platelet levels that are declining. There are several simple ways to stop this bleeding, but for Indonesians betel leaf is a widely chosen traditional treatment. The subjects of experimental animal studies were divided into 4 groups. The results of the Anova test analysis showed that there was a significant difference in average platelet levels (p=0.05) in the 4 groups. The results showed that the lowest average thrombocytes and hematocrit levels were found in group 2, namely the group that was given LPS without being given betel leaf essential oil. The highest average thrombocytes and hematocrit levels were found in group 3, namely the group that was first given betel leaf essential oil, after which it was only applied LPS. Red Betel Leaf Essential Oil has the potential as an anti-bleeding in research subjects induced with infectious materials characterized by increasing average platelet levels and Hematocrit as components that play a role in the blood clotting process. Copyright © 2023, Anka Publishers. All rights reserved.